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Nomadic Kurds committed many atrocities during the genocide, but settled Kurds only rarely did so. [319] Azerbaijan has also joined the Turkish effort to deny the Armenian genocide. Though reports vary, most sources agree that there were about 2 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire at the time of the massacre. [112] In late March or early April, the CUP Central Committee decided on the large-scale removal of Armenians from areas near the front lines. [240][243], Relief efforts were organized in dozens of countries to raise money for Armenian survivors. [144] Although ostensibly undertaken for military reasons,[145] the deportation and murder of Armenians did not grant the empire any military advantage and actually undermined the Ottoman war effort. The presence of Armenians in Anatolia has been documented since the sixth century BCE, about 1,500 years before the arrival of Turkmens under the Seljuk dynasty. The Armenians were Christian while the Turks were not. This resentment was compounded by suspicions that the Christian Armenians would be more loyal to Christian governments (that of the Russians, for example, who shared an unstable border with Turkey) than they were to the Ottoman caliphate. During the First World War, a new government in Istanbul carried out attacks on Armenian communities, claiming that they were . That was seen by powerful Young Turks as an act of treachery. When, in 1894, the Armenians in the Sasun region refused to pay an oppressive tax, Ottoman troops and Kurdish tribesmen killed thousands of Armenians in the region. World War I. [267] The court ruled that "the crime of mass murder" of Armenians was "organized and carried out by the top leaders of CUP". They permitted religious minorities to maintain some autonomy, but they also subjected Armenians, whom they viewed as infidels, to unequal and unjust treatment. [4][5] The Kingdom of Armenia adopted Christianity as its national religion in the fourth century CE, establishing the Armenian Apostolic Church. [124][125] At the same time, the war provided an opportunity to enact, in Talaat's words, the "definitive solution to the Armenian Question". Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (191418). In 1914 the European powers imposed a major reform on the Ottomans that required supervision by inspectors in the east. 19151917 mass murder in the Ottoman Empire, Toggle Systematic deportations subsection, loss of almost all of the empire's European territory, Causes of the Armenian genocide Wartime radicalization, rounded up in Constantinople and across the empire, Directorate for the Settlement of Tribes and Immigrants, may have at least one Armenian grandparent, Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople, belief that Turkey is constantly under threat, have recognized and condemned the genocide, systematic purges of incriminating documents by Turkey, "Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide", Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide, "Earth, Fire, Water: or How to Make the Armenian Corpses Disappear", The Cambridge History of the First World War, NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, "Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions", Comparative Studies in Society and History, "Financing the Ruling Party and Its Militants in Wartime:The Armenian Genocide and the Kemah Massacres of 1915", "Cultural Erasure: The Absorption and Forced Conversion of Armenian Women and Children, 19151916", Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915, Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Association for Defence of National Rights, Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings, How happy is the one who says I am a Turk, Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide&oldid=1171355119, Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 20 August 2023, at 16:47. [95] These requests were endorsed by the central government already before 1915. Genocide, luckily, is a very rare phenomenon. WATCH: Armenian Genocide (video) | Khan Academy [312] Turkey's century-long effort to prevent any recognition or mention of the genocide in foreign countries has included millions of dollars in lobbying,[313] as well as intimidation and threats. Trke. [154] Following the elimination of the Armenian population in eastern Anatolia, in August 1915, the Armenians of western Anatolia and European Turkey were targeted for deportation. Unit 4 Real Property and the Law. [11] According to the Armenian Patriarchate's estimates for 19131914, there were 2,925 Armenian towns and villages in the Ottoman Empire, of which 2,084 were in the Armenian highlands in the vilayets of Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Erzerum, Harput, and Van. [99], Minister of War Enver Pasha took over command of the Ottoman armies for the invasion of Russian territory, and tried to encircle the Russian Caucasus Army at the Battle of Sarikamish, fought from December 1914 to January 1915. . SK A&P study set 3. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. [281][282] This movement saw the return of Armenian survivors as a mortal threat to its nationalist ambitions and the interests of its supporters. Armenians did not constitute a majority in any of the regions in which they lived, although they often resided in homogeneous villages and neighborhoods within towns and cities. Could decriminalisation solve Scotland's drug problem? About 295,000 Armenians had fled to Russian-controlled territory during the genocide and ended up mostly in Soviet Armenia. Muslim families moved into the homes of deported Armenians and seized their property. [77] When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War in mid-1913, there was a campaign of looting and intimidation against Greeks and Armenians, forcing many to emigrate. [195] Most Armenian children who survived the genocide endured exploitation, hard labor without pay, forced conversion to Islam, and physical and sexual abuse. [266] The postwar Ottoman government held the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal, by which it sought to pin the Armenian genocide onto the CUP leadership while exonerating the Ottoman Empire as a whole, therefore avoiding partition by the Allies. Others go to great -- sometimes tortuous -- lengths to avoid the 'g' word. These parties primarily sought reform within the empire and found only limited support from Ottoman Armenians. [33] Although Armenians had been called the "loyal millet" in contrast to Greeks and others who had previously challenged Ottoman rule, the authorities began to perceive Armenians as a threat after 1878. There is general agreement that hundreds of thousands of Armenians died when the Ottoman Turks deported them en masse from eastern Anatolia and across the Ottoman empire to the Syrian desert and elsewhere in 1915-16. The US hosts the largest Armenian diaspora after Russia, estimated at more than a million. Armenian Genocide Flashcards | Quizlet [200], A secondary motivation for genocide was the destruction of the Armenian bourgeoisie to make room for a Turkish and Muslim middle class[128] and build a statist "national economy" controlled by Muslim Turks. Armenian Genocide | Genocide Studies Program - Yale University Those unable to pay were murdered. April 24, 2021 at 3:55 p.m. EDT. For several generations in the 18th and 19th centuries, for example, the chief architects of the Ottoman court were in the Armenian Balian family. In Eastern Anatolia Armenians lived intermixed with the dominant Kurdish nomads. The U.S. ambassador to the Ottoman Empire included this photo of dead Armenians on . [163] Perpetrators had several motives, including ideology, revenge, desire for Armenian property, and careerism. [302] In postwar Turkey, the perpetrators of the genocide were hailed as "martyrs" of the national cause. [67][68] Blame for the loss was assigned to all Christians, including the Ottoman Armenians, many of whom had fought on the Ottoman side. [289][290], Armenian survivors were left mainly in three locations. [53][54], In early 1909 an unsuccessful countercoup was launched by conservatives and some liberals who opposed the CUP's increasingly repressive governance. In 1915, the Ottoman Turkish empire attempted to wipe out the Armenian people from their historic homeland - it's labeled the "first genocide of the 20th century." Atrocities Turkey to this day. [29] Under international pressure at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the Ottoman government agreed to carry out reforms and guarantee the physical safety of its Armenian subjects, but there was no enforcement mechanism;[30] conditions continued to worsen. The Ottoman rulers, like most of their subjects, were Muslim. The dispute about whether it was genocide centres on the question of premeditation - the degree to which the killings were orchestrated. The Armenian genocide[a] was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World WarI. They were sentenced to death in absentia. The Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, Cambodia - there are very few events that fit my tight definition. [262] In 1920, the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople reported it was caring for 100,000 orphans, estimating that another 100,000 remained captive. Remembering the Armenian Genocide: why it's important In the 19th century Armenians struggled against the perception that they were a foreign element within the Ottoman Empire and that they would eventually betray it to form their own independent state. Most were repeatedly transferred between camps, being held in each camp for a few weeks, until there were very few survivors. Share. The genocide The CUP brought the Ottoman Empire into the First World War on the side of Germany and the axis powers against France, Britain and Russia. [177] Armenian men were often drowned by being tied together back-to-back before being thrown in the water, a method that was not used on women. The Armenian genocide was the systematic killing and deportation of Armenians by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. [42], Abdul Hamid's despotism prompted the formation of an opposition movement, the Young Turks, which sought to overthrow him and restore the 1876 Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, which he had suspended in 1877. The first non-colonial genocide of the twentieth-century was the Armenian catastrophe in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. [299][300] According to historian Stefan Ihrig, in Germany, the Nazis viewed post-1923 Turkey as a post-genocidal paradise and, "incorporated the Armenian genocide, its 'lessons', tactics, and 'benefits', into their own worldview". At the orders of Talaat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2million Armenians were sent on death marches to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. The term "genocide" did not exist prior to 1944. [173][176] Many others were held in tributary valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates, or Murat and systematically executed by the Special Organization. Martini Judaism Yes, there was an Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide is a Jewish issue. Frequently, the marchers were stripped naked and forced to walk under the scorching sun until they dropped dead. [89] Armenian leaders urged young men to accept conscription into the army, but many soldiers of all ethnicities and religions deserted due to difficult conditions and concern for their families. Arguments have raged for decades about the Armenian deaths in 1915-16, Skulls lie in the ruined Armenian village of Sheyxalan in 1915 (pic: Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute). Causes of the Armenian genocide - Wikipedia The Armenian people have made their home in the Caucasus region of Eurasia for some 3,000 years. [285][286] Nearly 100,000 Armenians were massacred in Transcaucasia by the Turkish army and another 100,000 fled from Cilicia during the French withdrawal. From mid-November, the convoys were denied access to the city and redirected along the Baghdad Railway or the Euphrates towards Mosul. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the forced Islam. In Turkey, public debate on the issue has been stifled. William H. Sewell Jr. . [143] Some deportees from western Anatolia were allowed to travel by rail. [122][123] CUP leaders held Armeniansincluding women and childrencollectively guilty for "betraying" the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in early 1915. Unprepared for the harsh winter conditions,[100] his forces were routed, losing more than 60,000 men. Armenian National Institute.Armenian Genocide. This genocide put an end to more than two thousand years of Armenian civilization in eastern Anatolia. [141][142][143] Deportation was only carried out behind the front lines, where no active rebellion existed, and was only possible in the absence of widespread resistance. [7] The Ottoman Empire was multiethnic and multireligious,[8] and its millet system offered non-Muslims a subordinate but protected place in society. Read about our approach to external linking. [101] The retreating Ottoman army destroyed dozens of Ottoman Armenian villages in Bitlis vilayet, massacring their inhabitants. [123][126] The CUP wrongly believed that the Russian Empire sought to annex eastern Anatolia, and ordered the genocide in large part to prevent this eventuality. Armenians in the Ottoman army were disarmed and killed. That sense of distinctiveness was fostered by the Ottoman millet system, which accorded non-Muslim minorities significant administrative and social autonomy. Video, How did a millionaire swindle a council? [87] Many Russian Armenians were enthusiastic about the war, but Ottoman Armenians were more ambivalent, afraid that supporting Russia would bring retaliation. In spite of these obstacles, the Armenian community thrived under Ottoman rule. World War I Armenian genocide genocide mass atrocities Language English Mass atrocities and genocide are often perpetrated within the context of war. The killings are regarded as the seminal event of modern Armenian history, binding the diaspora together. Most estimates of the deaths fall between 600,000 and 1.5 million. [284] In 1920, Turkish general Kzm Karabekir invaded Armenia with orders "to eliminate Armenia physically and politically". Who recognises it as genocide and who does not? [208] Ultimately this formed much of the basis of the industry and economy of the post-1923 republic, endowing it with capital. Records show that during this Turkification campaign, government squads also kidnapped children, converted them to Islam and gave them to Turkish families. [173] Young women and girls were often appropriated as house servants or sex slaves. [221], The Ottoman Empire tried to prevent journalists and photographers from documenting the atrocities, threatening them with arrest. Many historians, governments and the Armenian people believe that they were; but a number of scholars question this. [236][237] On 24May 1915, the Triple Entente (Russia, Britain, and France) formally condemned the Ottoman Empire for "crimes against humanity and civilization", and threatened to hold the perpetrators accountable. The Ottoman government ordered the corpses to be cleared as soon as possible to prevent both photographic documentation and disease epidemics, but these orders were not uniformly followed. [260] Armenian leaders abandoned traditional patrilineality to classify children born to Armenian women and their Muslim captors as Armenian. [326][327], After meeting Armenian survivors in the Middle East, AustrianJewish writer Franz Werfel wrote The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), a fictionalized retelling of the successful Armenian uprising in Musa Dagh, as a warning of the dangers of Nazism. [38] Many Armenian villages were forcibly converted to Islam. Terminology. Following its initial commemoration in 1919, the date became the annual day of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide.