[105] Successful German plantation operators realized the benefits of systematic scientific inquiry and instituted and maintained their own stations with their own personnel, who further engaged in exploration and documentation of the native fauna and flora. [citation needed] However, by 1891 the Germans were mostly united under Prussian rule. [49] Hans-Ulrich Wehler advanced the social imperialism thesis, which holds that the colonial expansion served to "divert" social tensions created by economic crisis to the foreign sphere and helped to reinforce Bismarck's authority. [178] Propaganda campaigns did not work well in the colonies, so they imposed a much greater degree of supervision and coercion over targeted groups such as prostitutes. Looking for solutions to this question? [123] The principle of "self-determination" embodied in the League of Nations covenant was not considered to apply to these colonies and was "regarded as meaningless". While the exploitative German colonial agenda was motivated by economic exigencies at home, the policy of Germanization emerged within the context of national self- image that was running its course in nineteenth-century Europe. These were comparable to the districts in size, but the native rulers were allowed far more power in residencies than in districts, helping to keep the costs of German administration as low as possible. Cameroun, Ger. What is today the Republic of Cameroon began in 1884 when Germany signed an annexation treaty with coastal chiefs in Douala. Accordingly, in 1868, land was bought in Yokohama in Japan for a German naval hospital, which remained in operation until 1911. Jahrhunderts. German Samoa was assigned to New Zealand; German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru[120] went to Australia as mandates. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Germany annexed South West Africa (present-day Namibia) in 1884 after negotiations with Great Britain. Germany lost control of most of its colonial empire at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, but some German forces held out in German East Africa until the end of the war. There was a constant lack of supplies and land and around half of the colonists died. [59] The author Charles Miller offers the theory that the Germans had the handicap of trying to colonize African areas inhabited by aggressive tribes,[60] whereas their colonial neighbors had more docile peoples to contend with. 2. Colonial officials and businessmen preferred them as inexpensive clerks to German government offices and firms in Africa. In order to support themselves and to model good behavior, the missionaries themselves often had plantations, which were dependent on the indigenous people's skill and willingness to work. Stoecker, Helmut, ed. Thirdly they feared the high cost of suppressing trade conflicts with the natives. Germany was also active in the Pacific, annexing a series of islands that would be called German New Guinea (part of present-day Papua New Guinea and several nearby island groups). Smith, W. D. "The Ideology of German Colonialism, 18401906." In 1867, it was decided to establish five overseas bases. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Sdwestafrika 1914/15", Band 7, "Der Ring schliet sich", Windhoek 2018. Cameroon-Yaound, Telephone : 681570880 / 695271592 [175] Together with Theodor Mollison he also experimented upon Herero prisoners. requested the British annexation, while King Pass All of Malimba and King Williams of Grand Batanga were more interested in the French annexation. Germany used concessionary companies during the infancy stages of establishing a colonial presence in the annexed territories. [76], During the Agadir Crisis in 1911, the German government attempted to get the whole of French Congo as compensation for German recognition of the French protectorate in Morocco. "Reparations for Historical Human Rights Violations: The International and Historical Dimensions of the Alien Torts Claims Act Genocide Case of the Herero of Namibia." [150][151] After that, the exhibition traveled to Dschang and to various German cities, where it was augmented with aspects of local relevance. In 1866 and then again in 1876, Jamal ul-Azam, Sultan of the Sulu Islands, located between Borneo and the Philippines, offered to place his islands under Prussian and then Imperial German control, but both times he was rebuffed. [119], In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany's islands north of the equator (the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas, the Palau Islands) and Kiautschou in China. The missionaries were generally rather tolerant regarding traditional customs and practices. [13] For its part, Denmark unsuccessfully proposed to exchange the Danish West Indies for some of the lost territory in Schleswig in 1865. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 endobj By Charles D. DeLorme, Jr., David Kamerschen and John Mukum Mbaku* - JSTOR Bismarck rejected the acquisition, due to the American Monroe Doctrine. Other experiments were made by Doctor Bofinger, who injected Herero who were suffering from scurvy with various substances including arsenic and opium. When the Germans violently crushed the resistance, war ensued. endobj "[40], After this, in March 1883, the Sierra Leone Convention between the United Kingdom and France was published, in which the two countries' spheres of interest were laid out without consideration of other trading nations. Furthermore, Germany received mining and railway concessions in Shandong province. [92] The subduing of the Maji Maji uprising in German East Africa in 1905 was prominently published. The European powers agreed that those nations claiming parts of Africa had to physically occupy them in order to legitimize those claims. Why did European powers scramble to annex Cameroon? . [159], For Germans and other Europeans, the district court (Bezirksgericht) had jurisdiction in first instance and there was a right of appeal to an upper court (Obergericht). "[69] Under the new Weltpolitik ("Global policy"), a "place in the Sun" was sought for the "latecoming nation" (as the chancellor Bernhard von Blow put it in a speech to the Reichstag on 6 December 1897), which entailed the possession of colonies and a right to have a say in other colonial matters. "Deutsche imperiale Herrschaft in Kamerun" - WorldViews At the end of 1952, members of the Ewe people submitted in a memorandum to the United Nations Trusteeship Council proposing that the territories of German Togoland taken by the British and the French be reunited and led towards independence together. Alfred Saker established another Mission Station in Douala in 1845, called the Bethel Mission. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. seventhly the Germans did not demand a lot of security in the trust system like British. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/germanys-african-colonies, "Germany's African Colonies The venture proved a complete failure. Germans had traditions of foreign sea-borne trade dating back to the Hanseatic League; German emigrants had flowed eastward in the direction of the Baltic littoral, Russia and Transylvania and westward to the Americas; and North German merchants and missionaries showed interest in overseas engagements. The proposed territorial acquisitions were almost all taken or claimed as colonies four years later. ." A small German ethnic minority also resides in the country. The shift in Bismarck's policy on the acquisition of colonies began as part of his 1878 Schutzzollpolitik[de] policy on the protection of the German economy from foreign competition. 1800 - CA. He oversaw large-scale expansion of infrastructure. Can a student take English,Economics and Geography as a series? Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. In terms of imperial expansion, however, Germany was often considered to lag behind. [162] Once the new owners of the colonies again permitted immigration from Germany, the numbers rose in the following years above the preWorld War I total. The main British trading firms were john Holt and Company, Ambas Bay Trading Company, R & w kings. The Germans made heroic efforts with their colony, although for some years after the annexation it suffered from inadequate finance Germany developed a reputation for ruthlessness in dealing with uprisings in its colonies. @RcE>>mfo&yff@,!?*(bYEif^W!tVv These abolitionist demands, with their clear anti-Muslim bias turned the 1888 "Arab revolt" on the East African coast into a holy war. German colonialism, therefore, turned to the European continent. "[167] As sexual relationships between the population groups had grown increasingly common, the colonies gradually banned "civil marriage between whites and natives" from 1905. Jahrhunderts,". The resulting impressions informed his colonial plans, which included an expansion of the powers of the governors and a ban on forced labor for Africans. "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler", Boianovsky, Mauro. History of Cameroon - Wikipedia [85] This was the first genocide of the 20th century.[86][87][88][89]. Cameroon are mountainous and the southern part of both states is heavily forested. After his conversion to colonialism in 1884-1885, Bismarck acted quickly and forcefully. V. endobj The final remains of the Protectorate Law survived until the legal expiration of the Colonial Society in 1975 and fiscal adjustments in 1992. Why was the British government reluctant to annex Cameroon bef. In addition, the prevailing international situation strengthened Bismarck's resolve to acquire territories in Africa. Cameroon on The Eve of The German Annexation In 1882, the first Society for German Colonization[de] was established, which was a lobby group for colonialist propaganda. [106] "The colonial economy was thriving and roads, railways, shipping and telegraph communications were up to the minute. fourthly the Germans had and made use of more trading agents. It was said that damages were sought in the region of 30 billion dollars. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Sdwestafrika 1914/15", Band 8, "Das Ende bei Khorab", Windhoek 2018. "[96], The colonies were romanticized. "Germany's Lost Pacific Empire", Henderson, W. O. Leipzig established a professorship of Anthropology, Ethnography, and Pre-history in 1901 (Karl Weule, who established an ethnological and biological determinist school of African research) and a professorship for "Colonial geography and colonial policy" in 1915. 20 Although the Duala War delayed the acquisition process, Cameroon was acquired before the beginning of the Berlin Conference in November 1884. Adenauer was Deputy President of the German Colonial Society from 1931 to 1933. "The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture? ", Uzoigwe, Godfrey N. "Reflections on the Berlin West Africa Conference, 1884-1885. Annexation made Germany into an active participant in the "Scramble for Africa" and set the stage for Germany to play a central role in the diplomatic negotiation of colonial borders in. [55] He used official letters of protection to transfer the commerce and administration of individual "German protectorates" to private companies. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Kamerun, former German colony, W Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea and extending N to Lake Chad. The German colonial empire (German: Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire. THE PLIGHT OF GERMAN MISSIONS IN MANDATE CAMEROON: AN - ResearchGate With this, the first wave of German colonial acquisitions was largely completed. GENEALOGY OF THE TERM DECOLONIZATION Germany annexed South West Africa (present-day Namibia) in 1884 after negotiations with Great Britain. Dernburg, as a former banker, facilitated such thinking; he saw his commission to also turn the colonies into paying propositions. Annexation of territory was a significant feature of the emerging protectionist imperial world order of the late nineteenth century. In South West Africa, German imperial interests were advanced by the German South-West Africa Company and in East Africa by the Imperial German East Africa Company. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [72] However, from 1891, German efforts in this regard encountered sharp resistance in the Bafut Wars in Cameroon and the conflict with the Hehe in East Africa, On 6 March 1901, as part of preparatory work by the Imperial postal service for laying a German underwater telegraph cable, the colonial official Arno Senfft[de] took possession of Sonsorol island. endstream A. Smith (Cambridge, MA, 2017), pp. [158], In the colonies, there were Protectorate Courts (Schutzgebietsgerichte), modeled on consular courts. Staff specialists and the occasional visiting university group conducted soil analyses, developed plant hybrids, experimented with fertilizers, studied vegetable pests and ran courses in agronomy for settlers and natives and performed a host of other tasks. [25] No actual colonization occurred. The 13 million or so "natives" of the German colonial empire did not become German citizens in 1913, when German citizenship was first introduced. Efforts to revive the Colonial War League after the Second World War led to the establishment in Hamburg in 1955 of a "Union of Former Colonial Troops," ancestor of the current Traditional league of former colonial and overseas troops[de]. endobj Teaching Germany's Colonization as a Form of "Rescue". [179], Social Darwinism is the theory "that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. Encyclopedia.com. The next day, he also claimed the islands of Merir and Pulo Anna, followed on 12 April by the island of Tobi and the Helen Reef. Germans in the Cameroons, 1884-1914: a case study in modern imperialism It was at Togoland where the Germans were quickly outnumbered leaving them to flee the capital which led to a large pursuit of German forces by allied armies leading to the eventual surrender of German forces on 26 August 1914. [116], Germany's overseas empire was dismantled following defeat in World War I. Joseph Merrick set up the first station in Bimbia in 1884, called the Jubilee Mission. In these circumstances, further German colonial aspirations in South East Africa were brought to an end. In 1869 the "East Asian Station" (Ostasiatische Station) was established there by the navy as the first overseas base, with a permanent presence of German warships. In German East Africa, the Abushiri Revolt was ruthlessly suppressed in 1889. [171], These missionary societies established stations in the colonies, where they instructed the indigenous people in basic education, modern agricultural techniques, and Christianity. Details of the treaties often remained unclear to them due to the language barrier. The explorer Gustav Nachtigal arrived in July 1884 to annex the Douala coast. In March 1884, Gustav Nachtigal was named as the Imperial Commissioner for the West African Coast and set sail for West Africa in the SMS Mwe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. In 1934 the former colonies were inhabited by 16,774 Germans, of whom about 12,000 lived in the former Southwest African colony. The idea took hold that they should not be returned to Germany after the war. Here also the German settlement would be implemented, and the whole governmental organization was developed to serve German needs while controlling the local ethnically diverse population. An official German colony in the Marshall Islands was only established in 1885. //]]>. After 1890, Germany succeeded in acquiring only relatively minor territories. [164] They enjoyed all the rights, privileges, and duties of normal German law. B John Holt. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In July, Togoland and Adolph Woermann's possessions in Cameroon followed, then the northeastern section of New Guinea ('Kaiser-Wilhelmsland') and the neighboring islands ('the Bismarck Archipelago'). Revision on the The Partition, Exploration of Africa, And German Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Until the German Empire's acquisition of Qingdao in China as a military port in 1897, Yokohama remained the base of the German fleet in East Asia. [29], Although Bismarck "remained as contemptuous of all colonial dreams as ever",[30] in 1884, he consented to the acquisition of colonies by the German Empire, in order to protect trade, safeguard raw materials and export-markets and to take advantage of opportunities for capital investment, among other reasons. like to what significant is 1883 in the history of cameroon, The London Baptist Missionary, Joseph Merrick, set up the Jubilee Mission station in Bimbia in 1844 and not 1884, Your email address will not be published. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Sdwestafrika 1914/15", Band 5, "Aufgabe der Kste", Windhoek 2016. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. [97] Dar es Salaam evolved into "the showcase city of all of tropical Africa,"[98] Lom grew into the "prettiest city in western Africa",[99] and Qingdao in China was, "in miniature, as German a city as Hamburg or Bremen". The First World War, presented Great Britain with the perfect opportunity to fight for what the country longed to possess. Wesseling, H. L. Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 18801914. Renouncing the German claims to the Somali coast between Burgabo and Alula also improved relations with Italy, one of Germany's partners in the Triple Alliance. [124] To "allay President [Woodrow] Wilson's suspicions of British imperialism", the system of "mandates" was drawn up and agreed to by the British War Cabinet (with the French and Italians in tow),[125] a device by which conquered enemy territory would be held not as a possession but as "sacred trusts". (July 25, 2023). Fourthly the reluctance of British traders to finance protection pf British trade. [98] Scientific and technical institutions for colonial purposes were established or expanded, in order to develop the colonies on these terms. Short-lived attempts at colonization by individual German states had occurred in preceding centuries, but Bismarck resisted pressure to construct a colonial empire until the Scramble for Africa in 1884. [65], Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888-1918) was keen for Germany to expand its colonial holdings. The result was the founding of the German Colonial Association in 1882. In 1857, the Austrian frigate Novara departed from Triest on the Novara Expedition, which aimed to explore and take possession of the Nicobar islands in the Indian Ocean. Africans were conscripted to fight on various warfronts in defense of German imperial interests. [95] Corporal punishment was abolished. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [94] The conservative Blow government barely survived, but in January 1907 the newly elected Reichstag imposed a "complete overhaul" upon the colonial service.[94]. [7] However, governments had no such aspirations. However, no new overseas colonial enterprises took place and with the onset of World War II in 1939 the organization entered a decline. Parts of modern-day Cameroon were colonized by Germany between 1884 and 1916. %PDF-1.7 In 1907, the Colonial Division was separated from the Foreign Office and became its own ministry (Amt), called the Imperial Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt), with Bernhard Dernburg as its state secretary. The British and German traders competed seriously along the Western Coast of Cameroon. By the end of the 1890s, direct governmental control had supplanted administration by concessionary companies.
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